Purpose: This study aims to analyze the legal framework for the release of Freehold Title (SHM) land purchased by Limited Liability Companies (PT) in Batam. It focuses on the regulatory basis, implementation practices, and the challenges and solutions in the conversion process to Right to Build (HGB). Methodology: The research employs a descriptive sociological-juridical method combined with a normative legal approach to examine secondary data, and an empirical approach to gather primary data through field research. The analysis integrates statutory interpretation and practical observations from stakeholders. Results: Findings reveal that SHM land purchased by a PT must first be released and transferred to the state before being converted to HGB. The process involves drafting a deed of release before a notary, fulfilling BP Batam’s regulatory requirements, and submitting an HGB application to BPN under Minister of ATR/BPN Regulation No. 5 of 2025. Conclusion: The legal certainty of land release in Batam depends on technical regulations, institutional coordination, and digital integration. While the current system provides a mechanism, procedural and administrative delays persist. Limitations:The study is limited to the Batam context and relies on selected field data. Broader generalization may require comparative studies across other special economic zones in Indonesia. Contribution: This research contributes to the discourse on land law reform in Indonesia by offering practical legal solutions, including the need for technical regulations on release deeds, improved inter-agency coordination, and digital land information systems to ensure efficiency and certainty in land rights conversion.

Purpose: This study examines the legal protection of option agreements used by foreign nationals (FNs) to acquire apartment ownership in Batam City. It evaluates the regulatory framework, practical implementation, challenges, and the extent to which such agreements provide legal certainty for both developers and FNs. Methodology: A normative juridical approach was combined with a socio-legal method. Secondary data were obtained from legislation, legal literature, and jurisprudence, while primary data were gathered through interviews with notaries, government officials, developers, and foreign buyers in Batam. Results: The findings reveal that option agreements, though widely applied, lack explicit regulation in Indonesian law. Their legal force relies on the contractual freedom principle under the Civil Code, making them valid but weak in providing ownership rights. In practice, they are often used as alternatives to bypass restrictions on foreign ownership, but this creates potential legal uncertainty, especially in cases of default, regulatory changes, or disputes. Conclusion: Option agreements serve only as contractual instruments and fail to provide comprehensive legal protection or full ownership rights for FNs under Indonesian agrarian law. Clearer statutory provisions are required to enhance certainty and prevent abuse. Limitations: The research is limited to Batam City and does not fully capture variations across other regions. Data on disputes and enforcement are also limited. Contribution: This study identifies regulatory gaps in option agreements and emphasizes the need for government intervention through clearer policies, offering recommendations for policymakers, land agencies, and notaries to enhance investor protection, legal certainty, and national sovereignty.

Purpose: This study aims to examine the right to higher education as a fundamental human right and a key state obligation. It seeks to analyze international legal frameworks, national constitutions, and comparative experiences from Germany, Indonesia, Russia, and Uzbekistan to identify how legal reforms, policy mechanisms, and financial measures ensure equitable access to higher education. Methods: Using a qualitative and comparative approach, the study applies doctrinal legal analysis of primary sources such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, ICESCR, and UNESCO Conventions, alongside national education laws. Secondary data from academic research, government reports, and statistical evidence were analyzed through content analysis to evaluate legal and institutional guarantees. Results: Findings reveal that while international norms recognize higher education as a universal right, its realization varies among countries. Germany ensures free university access; Russia offers merit-based state-funded higher education; Indonesia guarantees education through constitutional budget allocation; and Uzbekistan demonstrates rapid progress through legislative reforms, expansion of institutions, and increased enrollment rates. Conclusion: Ensuring the right to higher education requires a balance between accessibility, quality, and equity through sustained state commitment and international cooperation. Limitation: The research focuses on selected case studies and does not include empirical fieldwork or student-level data, limiting its scope of generalization. Contribution: This paper contributes to comparative educational law by linking global human rights frameworks with national implementation models, providing policy insights for developing inclusive and equitable higher education systems.